Part 2: Getting Into Fasting

I’ve been doing 16:8 intermittent fasting for years and recently started 48-hour fasts — dropping about three pounds each fast, gaining one or two back, and trending steadily downward. I wanted to understand what the research actually says about what I’m doing to myself, so I worked with Claude (Anthropic’s AI) to produce this series. I set the structure, chose the topics, pushed back on claims that felt hand-wavy, and guided the editorial tone. Claude did the writing and research synthesis. My curiosity driving Claude’s research and prose.

Routines, Scenarios, and What to Expect

Research brief — the practical onramp. 16:8 IF as a starting point, Craig’s specific eating window, extended fasting scenarios anchored to a weekly rhythm, and what keto flu actually is.

Start With 16:8

You may want to start by getting into 16:8 intermittent fasting — an 8-hour eating window and 16-hour fast — before attempting anything longer.

Is this actually supported? Honestly, no one has studied whether practicing 16:8 first makes longer fasts easier. It’s conventional wisdom without a clinical trial behind it. But the physiological rationale is sound: regular time-restricted eating develops metabolic flexibility — the ability to switch between glucose and fat/ketone oxidation. Someone who does this daily would be expected to enter ketosis faster and with less discomfort during an extended fast. And the practical experience of managing hunger, learning your body’s signals, and knowing what electrolyte depletion feels like are real benefits of prior fasting experience, even if unstudied. (1)

What the research says about 16:8 on its own:

Satchin Panda’s group at the Salk Institute pioneered time-restricted eating (TRE) research, starting with a 2012 mouse study that showed mice on a high-fat diet restricted to an 8-hour eating window didn’t gain weight compared to ad libitum fed mice eating the same food. (2) Human trials with 6–10 hour eating windows have generally shown weight loss, improved glucose regulation, reduced hunger, and improved energy.

A 2020 study by Wilkinson et al. put 19 participants with metabolic syndrome on a 10-hour eating window for 12 weeks and found reductions in weight, blood pressure, and atherogenic lipids. Single-arm trial (no control group), but notable results. (3)

The Eating Window: Skip Breakfast

The simplest way to do 16:8 is to skip breakfast. Eat your first meal around 11:30 AM, finish eating by 7:30 PM. That’s it.

Example daily rhythm:

  • 11:30 AM — First meal (“break fast”)
  • 2:00–3:00 PM — Protein-heavy snack if hungry (0% fat yogurt, protein shake with fruit)
  • 5:30–6:00 PM — Dinner
  • Nothing after 7:30 PM

This gives you a clean 16-hour overnight fast every day. No special foods, no supplements, no elaborate protocols. Just… don’t eat in the morning.

But isn’t an earlier window better? Courtney Peterson’s group published the first controlled feeding trial of early time-restricted feeding (eTRF) in 2018. Men with prediabetes ate within a 6-hour window ending at 3 PM vs. a 12-hour window. eTRF improved insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, oxidative stress, and appetite — even without weight loss. (4)

Peterson’s data suggests an earlier window (say, 8 AM–4 PM) may have slightly better metabolic outcomes due to circadian alignment — insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance are naturally higher in the morning. But the practical reality is that most people can’t eat their last meal at 3 PM. Social eating, family dinners, real life — the later window is far more sustainable. Peterson’s data shows early TRE is better, not that late TRE is bad. An 11:30–7:30 window still captures the core benefits of a compressed eating window and extended overnight fast.

Extended Fasting Scenarios

Once 16:8 feels routine, you can extend into longer fasts. All scenarios below are anchored to a Sunday ~5:30 PM family meal as the break-fast, working backward:

  • ~22 hrs — Saturday dinner (7:30 PM) Extended OMAD. Easy entry point beyond 16:8.
  • ~30 hrs — Saturday lunch (11:30 AM) Skip one full day of eating. You sleep through the hardest part.
  • ~46 hrs — Friday dinner (7:30 PM) Nearly two full days. Well into ketosis and autophagy is active. Two sleeps make this more manageable than it sounds.
  • ~54 hrs — Friday lunch (11:30 AM) Deep into the autophagy/stem cell priming window. Friday afternoon might be the grittiest stretch — you’re still burning through glucose stores and haven’t hit the ketone clarity yet.
  • ~70 hrs — Thursday dinner (7:30 PM) Three full days. Firmly in Longo’s regenerative territory. Most people report hunger actually diminishing after day 2.
  • ~78 hrs — Thursday lunch (11:30 AM) The “long weekend fast.” Maximizes time in the 48–72+ hour zone where stem cell and deep autophagy research is strongest.

I’ve recently been fasting in the 46-hour to 54-hour options to hit a sweet spot — you get the major benefits (see Parts 3–6), Sunday dinner is a natural social re-entry, and you’re only navigating one or two workdays while fasting. The jump from 54 to 70+ is where most people feel they’re making a real lifestyle commitment for the week rather than a weekend experiment.

Keto Flu: What It Is and Why It Happens

Sometime in the 24–72 hour window, you’ll likely hit the “keto flu” — headache, fatigue, brain fog, irritability, maybe muscle cramps. It actually feels a bit like you’re coming down with the flu. It’s not illness. It’s electrolytes. When I stop eating around Noon on Friday, this happens (if I don’t address the underlying cause beforehand) in the middle of the night Saturday.

Here’s the mechanism:

  1. Insulin drops → your kidneys stop retaining sodium and excrete more water. (Insulin normally signals the kidneys to reabsorb sodium.)
  2. SGLT2 effect: The sodium-glucose transport protein 2 normally reabsorbs glucose and sodium together in a 1:1 ratio. With blood glucose low, SGLT2 activity drops, and more sodium goes out in your urine.
  3. Sodium loss drags potassium and magnesium along with it through coupled renal transport.
  4. The resulting electrolyte imbalance — particularly sodium depletion — drives the entire symptom cluster.

This is well-established physiology, not speculative. (5)

The mental fog typically lifts as the brain adapts to using ketones for fuel. Many people describe a shift to unusual mental clarity once adaptation kicks in — probably related to the brain’s efficient use of beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) as fuel.

For me, Friday afternoon until bed is the grittiest stretch on a 46–54 hour fast; By Saturday midday I feel exceptionally sharp.


Sources

  1. de Cabo & Mattson 2019, NEJM — metabolic switching and fasting overview: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31881139/
  2. Panda lab TRE review 2021 — time-restricted eating research overview: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34550357/
  3. Wilkinson et al. 2020, Cell Metabolism — 10-hour TRE in metabolic syndrome: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31813824/ (free full text: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6953486/)
  4. Sutton et al. 2018, Cell Metabolism — early TRE improves insulin sensitivity without weight loss: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29754952/ (full text: https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(18)30253-5)
  5. Electrolyte mechanism — insulin-sodium-kidney pathway is standard renal physiology; see also general overview at https://science.drinklmnt.com/low-carb/keto-electrolytes/ for accessible explanation of the SGLT2 and insulin mechanisms.

Part 1: Why Fasting Works

I’ve been doing 16:8 intermittent fasting for years and recently started 48-hour fasts — dropping about three pounds each fast, gaining one or two back, and trending steadily downward. I wanted to understand what the research actually says about what I’m doing to myself, so I worked with Claude (Anthropic’s AI) to produce this series. I set the structure, chose the topics, pushed back on claims that felt hand-wavy, and guided the editorial tone. Claude did the writing and research synthesis. My curiosity driving Claude’s research and prose.

The Big Picture

Research brief — general overview of fasting benefits. The most “hand-wavy” of the series: frameworks, history, and the broad case for why not eating is doing something useful.

The Metabolic Switch

The overarching framework for understanding fasting benefits comes from Mark Mattson’s “metabolic switch” concept, reviewed comprehensively in a landmark 2019 NEJM paper co-authored with Rafael de Cabo. (1)

The core idea: when you stop eating for long enough, the body shifts from glucose-based to ketone-based energy. This isn’t just a fuel swap — it’s a stress response that activates adaptive cellular pathways. The metabolic stress of fasting triggers increased expression of antioxidant defenses, DNA repair, protein quality control, mitochondrial biogenesis, and autophagy. These protective mechanisms outlast the fast itself — a hormetic effect where controlled stress leaves the system stronger.

This is the thread that connects the individual benefits explored in the rest of this series: better insulin sensitivity, growth hormone surges, inflammation reduction, cellular cleanup, and (possibly) neurological benefits all flow from this same metabolic switch.

The Breakfast Myth — How We Got Here

Before talking about what fasting does, it’s worth understanding what we were told about not fasting — specifically, the idea that skipping breakfast is harmful.

“Breakfast is the most important meal of the day” is not a scientific finding. It’s a marketing slogan.

The history: A 1944 marketing campaign by General Foods (maker of Grape Nuts) distributed pamphlets in grocery stores and ran radio ads declaring that “Nutrition experts say breakfast is the most important meal of the day.” (2) Some sources trace the phrase further back to a 1917 article in a magazine published by John Harvey Kellogg’s Battle Creek Sanitarium. (3, 4) The cereal industry systematically funded and promoted research that supported breakfast eating, creating a self-reinforcing cycle of industry-funded studies and marketing claims. Harvard nutrition professor Dr. David Ludwig has stated that the idea breakfast is essential comes from the food industry’s historical push, not from unbiased research.

Note on the Bernays connection: Edward Bernays (the “father of PR”) is often credited with creating the “bacon and eggs” breakfast campaign in the 1920s, working for Beech-Nut Packing Company. This is a separate but parallel story — Bernays promoted a hearty breakfast; the “most important meal” language appears to come from the cereal companies. The two threads are often conflated online.

What the science actually shows: A 2019 BMJ meta-analysis by Sievert et al. at Monash University examined 13 RCTs on breakfast and weight. Breakfast skippers had a small weight advantage (mean difference 0.44 kg), and breakfast eaters consumed ~260 more calories per day. Adding breakfast did not improve weight loss regardless of whether participants were habitual breakfast eaters or skippers. (5)

Quality caveat the authors themselves flag: all included trials were at high or unclear risk of bias with short follow-ups (mean 7 weeks for weight, 2 weeks for energy intake).

The adults vs. children distinction: The observational evidence for breakfast benefiting children and adolescents — particularly for cognitive performance and academic outcomes — is stronger than for adults. Growing brains may be more sensitive to glucose availability after overnight fasting. But adults have larger glycogen reserves, better metabolic flexibility, and less acute sensitivity to short-term fuel gaps. The honest framing: the evidence that breakfast matters may hold for growing children, but for adults, the “most important meal” claim was born in a marketing department and has not been substantiated by rigorous research.

So: skip breakfast. For adults, it’s not the mythological “most important meal” — it’s the easiest meal to drop, and dropping it is one of the simplest onramps to intermittent fasting (see Part 2).

What Happens When You Don’t Eat

A rough timeline of what the body does during a fast, painting in broad strokes (the details and evidence for each are in Parts 3–6):

  • 0–12 hours: The body works through available glucose and glycogen stores. Insulin drops. Nothing dramatic yet — this is a normal overnight fast.
  • 12–18 hours: Glycogen depletes. The liver begins producing ketone bodies. Fat mobilization accelerates. You’re entering mild ketosis.
  • 18–24 hours: Ketone levels rise. Growth hormone begins increasing. Autophagy pathways are activating. Inflammatory monocytes start clearing from circulation.
  • 24–48 hours: Full ketosis. Growth hormone surging (up to 5-fold by 48 hours). Autophagy well underway. Insulin at baseline. The “keto flu” window — electrolyte shifts can cause headache, fatigue, brain fog — typically peaks here and resolves as the brain adapts to ketone fuel.
  • 48–72 hours: Deep into the fasting response. Stem cell priming begins (per Longo’s research). Many people report hunger diminishing rather than intensifying. Mental clarity often peaks as the brain runs efficiently on ketones.
  • Refeeding: The regenerative burst. Stem cells that were primed during the fast activate. The system rebuilds from a cleaner baseline.

This timeline is approximate and draws from both human and animal data. The specific evidence behind each claim — including where it’s strong and where it’s hand-wavy — is covered in the subsequent parts.


Sources

  1. de Cabo & Mattson 2019, NEJM — effects of IF on health, aging, and disease: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31881139/ (full text paywalled: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1905136)
  2. Cereal industry/marketing history — Kellogg’s marketing: https://marketingmadeclear.com/kelloggs-marketing-lie/
  3. Priceonomics — how breakfast became a thing: https://priceonomics.com/how-breakfast-became-a-thing/
  4. JSTOR Daily — backstory of breakfast cereal: https://daily.jstor.org/the-strange-backstory-behind-your-breakfast-cereal/
  5. Sievert et al. 2019, BMJ — breakfast and weight/energy intake meta-analysis: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30700403/ (free full text: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6352874/)

Consider: What role does friction play in the creative process for podcasters?

Podcasting is full of friction—technical issues, editing headaches, guests rescheduling, creative blocks. Some podcasters try to eliminate every obstacle, but sometimes, friction is where the best ideas come from. Where do you think friction helps creativity versus just getting in the way?

~ Asked by the LLM(1)

This question leads me to the idea of “simple.” I often ask myself: What is the simplest thing that could possibly work? Because that’s the idea I should start with. It requires no effort for me to imagine adding complications. Keep it simple stupid (KISS) is an adage because it is a valuable compass.

For me then, friction is a sign that there might be a simpler way to do something. It might be quite complicated and involve a lot of work to switch over to a simpler way of doing things, but it’s only when I’m directly considering the friction that I can understand the payoff of such effort.

On the other hand, there may not be a simpler way to do something. ¯\_(ツ)_/¯

In either case, it’s the friction which prompts me to apply mental effort to search for that simpler way. Creating meaningful work (podcasting in this case, but anything really) requires some amount of effort. Friction is a clear sign that—at the least—I’m actually doing the work.

I suppose that does mean that friction helps creativity. Is friction necessary for creativity? No. But it’s definitely not the enemy of creativity.

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(1) I’m working with an LLM instance which has access to everything I’ve written about podcasting, and all the episodes I’ve published. It prompts me by asking me these questions.


Insert reflection

For greater happiness, a better way to live employs what behavioral scientists call metacognition. This simply refers to an impartial awareness of your emotions, a capacity to see them as important information but not as a mandate for any particular behavior. Good ways to practice metacognition include Vipassana meditation, journaling, and prayers, which shift the experience of involuntary emotion into the realm of conscious attention.

~ Arthur C. Brooks, from Why Humility Is the Key to Well-Being – The Atlantic

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There are endless methods: Write that angry screed, but don’t send it (put the paper-letter in a drawer, or save the email as a draft.) Count to 10 before saying or doing anything when you are angry. Name your feelings, internally or out loud (“I’m a feeling angry.”) Viktor Frankl’s comments on the space between stimulus and response. I don’t have a specific takeaway, other than that I’m simply reminding myself of all these options which I’d like to continue to practice using more often.

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Dividing cake

What’s a system for fairly dividing— actually… What does “fair” even mean? If we’re dividing up cake, is fair equal size shares? …or shares proportional to each person’s daily caloric requirements? …or their average recent caloric deficit (so starving people get the cake)? And that’s just cake. What if you want to divide up something important, like say, geographically divide a State into voting districts?

In the first step, one party draws districts on the map. However, unlike regular redistricting, in which they draw the exact number of districts needed, our process requires the first party to draw twice that number of half- or sub-districts. Like full electoral districts, these half-districts must have equal populations and be physically contiguous. Many states also have requirements for district compactness, which would apply to this first stage of map drawing too. We also don’t allow “doughnut” districts – where one district is entirely surrounded by another district.

In the second step, the other party chooses how to pair neighboring half-districts into full-size districts.

Even if each party acts entirely in its own interest, attempting to maximize its own chances of winning the most districts, the fact that the process is split into these two stages holds each party’s ambitions somewhat in check.

~ Benjamin Schneer, Kevin DeLuca and Maxwell Palmer from, How politicians can draw fairer election districts

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Like my examples for possible meanings of “fair” for dividing cake, there are many possibilities for what would be “fair” for voting district maps. To date, every solution has been to have some third party (a commission whose composition itself is contentious) draw the maps and then have judicial review (with the judges themselves also being contentious). The system laid out above is brilliant. One side draws up a map, and the other side chooses how to assemble the map into voting districts.

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Options

In any situation in life, you only have three options. You always have three options. You can change it, you can accept it, or you can leave it. What is not a good option is to sit around wishing you would change it but not changing it, wishing you would leave it but not leaving it, and not accepting it. It’s that struggle, that aversion, that is responsible for most of our misery.

~ Naval Ravikant

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To handle others

To handle yourself, use your head; To handle others, use your heart.

~ Eleanor Roosevelt

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Evening routines

It was one of Seneca’s observations—that nearly everything in life is circular: there’s an opening and a close, a start and a finish. Life, he says, is a collection of large circles enclosing smaller ones. Birth to death. Childhood. A year. A month. “And the smallest circle of all,” he writes, “is the day; even a day has its beginning and its ending, its sunrise and its sunset.”

~ Ryan Holiday from, The Perfect Day Begins with a Good Evening

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In there, among several other great points, is, “going to bed at a set time.” Which it turns out is just about now.

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You have the option

Everywhere, at each moment, you have the option:
– to accept this event with humility
– to treat this person as he should be treated
– to approach this thought with care, so that nothing irrational creeps in.

~ Marcus Aurelius

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Going in dumb

In the episode with Ray Suarez, about 43 minutes in, they’re talking about the evergreen (for those of us into this stuff) topic of preparation. Should one be [prepared]? How much, or how little? And so on. There aren’t many things I listen to more than once; this is one.

Here’s a link to the area where Suarez starts discussing “going in dumb” versus going in prepared. If you’re really into conversation, you’ll need about 15 minutes as you probably won’t be able to press stop. In any case, nothing I write here is as important as what they’re discussing.

https://overcast.fm/+JU6XxrKbc/43:16

That’s a link to the Overcast podcast player’s web frontend. It will simply play from that time code right in your web browser. You can also try this link to the episode itself.)

Ray Suarez

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Tyson Cecka | NERDYmade

On Castbox.fm — Tyson Cecka | NERDYmade

How can the design and construction of Parkour obstacles and spaces influence training, creativity, and safety?

Designing Parkour spaces involves balancing permanence with adaptability to maximize creative potential and safety.

[… What] makes it really tricky with Parkour obstacles is that we adapt to the spaces that we’re in. We adapt really well to the spaces that we’re in. And so you don’t necessarily know what’s missing, or what might change when that space changes or improves in some way. I feel that you really need to continually challenge yourself in coming up with new ideas or trying out new things. Because you will be extremely surprised sometimes by how much potential that offers up.

~ Tyson Cecka (11:10)

The conversation explores the intricate process of designing and building Parkour obstacles and spaces, emphasizing the role of adaptability, safety, and creativity. There is a focus on how portable obstacles can evolve over time, providing a dynamic and ever-changing training environment. This contrasts with permanent structures that, while durable, may limit creative exploration once their design becomes familiar.

A key point of discussion is the importance of fastening and securing materials like plywood to ensure the structural integrity of obstacles. Tyson highlights how beginners often overlook these details, leading to potential failures or unstable equipment. The dialogue also touches on the value of fostering a community of builders who can share experiences, troubleshoot problems, and inspire new designs through collaborative learning.

Takeaways

Portable obstacles — Enable evolving and adaptable training environments that keep athletes engaged.

Plywood fastening — Essential for ensuring the stability and longevity of Parkour structures, often overlooked by beginners.

Community collaboration — A supportive builder community accelerates learning and design innovation.

Dynamic design — Spaces that shift and change encourage creativity and long-term engagement.

Beginner considerations — Well-built, stable obstacles enhance confidence and facilitate smoother progression for newcomers.

Resources

Tyson Cecka’s @tysoncecka

Sturdy Made (Facebook Group) — Online community for Parkour builders to share ideas, projects, and plans.

Art of Retreat — Annual Parkour leadership and education event where the conversation took place.

(Written with help from Chat-GPT.)

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There is no trick

Stop searching for magic tricks. Roll up your sleeves and get to work. The fool will find this idea depressing. The wise person will find this liberating. So it goes.

~ Hugh Macleod

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No.

But I do still agree with Hugh.

You see, it’s really a paradox: Understanding that the trick is that there is no trick enables you to see the trick.

Only after you truly believe there is no trick, and you truly roll up your sleeves and get to work—and not just work for a day or a week or a year, but instead truly pour your entire self into something…

Only after you truly believe there is no trick, and you truly roll up your sleeves and get to work, can you understand what the trick really is.

Reading this now, you either know the trick—congratulations, honestly and I’m sorry you had to suffer along the way but look what you’ve learned…

Reading this now, you either know the trick, or you need to roll up your sleeves and get to work.

What? …you thought I was going to tell you the trick? But, I just did.

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What’s a dog for?

In a chapter on reconciling the inevitable pain we invite into our lives when we commit to love a being biologically destined to die before we do and the boundless joy of choosing to love anyway, Homans cites John Updike’s heartbreaking poem “Another Dog’s Death”

~ Maria Papova from, What’s a Dog For

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I’m definitely a dog-person.

Updike’s poem is totes-amazeballs.

(Weren’t expecting that where you?)

My little town used to have a Barkery. That’s not a typo. Someone came up with a bunch of super-healthy and super-tasty recipes. She couldn’t sell them for human consumption, but I’ll just say that the dogs didn’t get every treat I bought there. Suuper tasty and no sugar. Her peanut butter ones—made with peanuts from scratch I think—were da’ bomb.

Anytime I was going somewhere where the dog had an owner I wanted to visit, I’d put those peanut butter dog treats from the Barkery . . . randomly in a few pockets. Dogs ‘d be like, “oh *sniff* hello there *sniff* *sniff* new huma—*sniff* *sniff* *sniff* excuse me sir, but are you aware THAT YOU SMELL LIKE PEANUTBUTTERHOLYSHITBESTDAYEVAAAAAR!”

I am actually going to make a point here.

You know what’s more awesome than dogs? Getting to be immersed in the sheer joy that dog’s experience. No complications. No todo lists. No stress nor worry. Just, best. day. EVAR!

Now, go read Maria’s post.


Eclipse photography 3/4

I will admit, when the cloud moved away just in time, all of nature grew silent, and the shadow of the moon arrived, I secretly wished someone had cued Also sprach Zarathustra.

The eclipse was magnificent and moving. Planning a year in advance, so that we could be standing directly in the path of the shadow cast by a celestial body 220,000 miles away… I can’t describe it. Moving. Exciting. Awe-inspiring. Fun! Getting to see and do cool science experiments you only read about. Sure, in celestial terms, our little moon’s shadow flits across our blue mote many MANY times. But I count myself among the lucky ones who took the time to align my life — even if ever so briefly — with these majestic orbs.

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Episode 2 in progress

There’s a TON of work goes into each episode. This is the full transcript of a raw interview, marked up. From this we create a cue sheet for the audio engineer. The markings are notes for cutting, and sound cleanup/repairs. #behindthescenes

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Upside down?

People have asked why I wear these upside down? …they are not upside down! I wear these so I can read then when I look at my watch. Today, this band called to me to be worn. EMBRACE CHALLENGE

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Orson Welle’s last film: The Other Side of the Wind

For more than four decades, Hollywood insiders, financiers and dreamers have been obsessed by the quest to recover “The Other Side of the Wind,” the unfinished last film of Orson Welles. Cinema buffs consider it the most famous movie never released, an epic work by one of the great filmmakers.

Doreen Carvajal from, Orson Welles’s Last Film May Finally Be Released

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What do you know about Koichi Tohei?

Relaxation alone—even a specialized form of it—is not aikidō, however. If this internal power is a foundational skill—one largely abandoned today—the techniques of aikidō are its delivery system. Even with remarkable power, without a delivery system, one is no more able to fight than a power lifter is able to win in a boxing ring, just because he can bench press six hundred pounds.

Ellis Amdur from, «http://www.guillaumeerard.com/aikido/articles/it-aint-necessarily-so-rendez-vous-with-adventure»

Aikidoka: We talk a lot about Tohei Sensei, but how much time have you spent actually reading about him?

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Portnoy

Retiring server after 9 years of flawless operation. RIP “Portnoy”!

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